By Lada Stipic-Niseteo
In the country which faces so many difficulties that for their solution it
needs the IC, Dayton and SFOR, the first thing that the High Representative
for the implementation of peace, Carlos Westendorp, learnt in the local
language was "nema problema" (no problem). "When one is an optimist, then
one can say that", he explained to us in his Brussels office. "One can
because it is obvious that the situation is improving, painfully slowly, but
still improving."
Why so slowly?
Because the leadership still uses nationalistic messages. A compromise
between civilised people is possible only if the other side is respected.
Bit by bit, because they are not blind or stupid, people see that the other
one does not always have to be an enemy. People change standpoints and they
will also have to change the leadership. Most of the leaders were in a war
at a time and one cannot expect from them to make effort in calming the
situation down or in stabilisation. People expect a turning towards the
subjects regarding social security, work, existence, education. And this is
a basis on which the opposition parties get stronger. Extreme nationalism is
dangerous. On the other hand, nationalism in, so to say, moderate
quantities, is constructive if one wants to preserve one's cultural
identity, language, religion, way of life. As such, it is positive for every
community which is not monolithic and uniform. Problems arise when one
thinks that he is the main one and the only one.
Mostar - a tense city
You have a really great power in BiH.
I sometimes make decisions instead of the leadership which finds it easier
if someone else, like me, makes compromises instead of them. Thus we have
obtained the licence plates, Konvertible Mark, especially popular in the
areas with weaker currencies. Croatian Kuna is relatively solid, although
not as strong as the German Mark, but I still believe that people will
gradually accept the BiH money.
It is true that I have a great power. Sometimes the people from the IC
accuse me that I do not make enough decisions by myself and I reply to them
that the authorities, the job of which is to make decision, however exist.
One must do all this in a very moderate and balanced manner, because
satisfaction of one side inevitably makes the other side dissatisfied.
And now the anthem is in turn. It will be without words, just like our
Spanish anthem, or the new German one, and later on the people of BiH will
maybe add a text do it. I sincerely hope that it will not be my job.
Then you will perhaps be the EU Foreign Minister? Would you like to do that
job?
To be honest, I do not know. It would be no easier than this one because BiH
is gradually solving its problems. True, after this job all other jobs
indeed seem easy.
What is the situation in Mostar these days?
Mostar is a tense city. People used to live together without any great
difficulties and now it is like the Wild West, everyone on one's own side of
the road and ready to draw a gun. It is complicated for the IC to give help
in such a situation. If he help one side only, the other side protests. And,
there are criteria for help. We do not want to send our money to the areas
where the "hard-liners" are. Who will invest in the eastern part of the RS,
which is full of war criminals? Therefore, we help the environments which
want to be normal, which accept co-operation and welcome returnees.
In the Croat areas the positive examples are Drvar, where two thousand Serbs
have returned, and Stolac. The problem is created by the fact that the
Croats who want to return to their homes in Central Bosnia are prevented
from doing so by the Croat authorities there. Unfortunately, the idea of an
ethnically pure Herzegovina is still anchored in many heads. People would
like to return to the Posavina corridor and Central Bosnia, but their
leadership does not allow it.
Last year 40,000 people returned in BiH
You are not soft in the estimates of the Bosniac leadership either?
It is understandable that Bosniacs are those who are pleading the most for a
unified state, but when we ask them to make a sort of political sacrifice to
the benefit of the other ethnic groups, they become very, very hard. As you
can see, all the people in BiH are difficult, but for different reasons.
Last year you had a year of refugees, this year the emphasis is placed on
the return of minorities. How is it progressing?
Last year some 40,000 people returned. It is a significant number, but still
too little compared to the number of people who are still away from their
homes. We will do all in our power to ensure a safe environment for them, in
which the democratic behaviour of the police, judiciary and municipal
authorities is of a great importance.
The Croatian public followed very attentively the disagreements regarding
the appointments of the generals.
What is being done with the Croats is also done with the Bosniacs and the
Serbs. Senior officers, according to the Constitution, are appointed by the
BiH Presidency and not by the entities. I emphasise that we are not against
the Croats (or the Serbs, or the Bosniacs), but against the politicising of
the army. I think that the problem is close to being resolved.
What about the borders?
We have the maps and we say: the border is provisory until the sides achieve
agreement, and then we will abide by the agreement. I am happy that the
Croatian Foreign Minister, Mate Granic, gave the information about the
opportunity to open the road Trebinje - Dubrovnik. It is good that the
people cross borders more and more. In that way the peace is strengthened.
Danger of the expansion of the Kosovo conflict
Can Kosovo influence on the stability of the processes in BiH?
If the conflict expands, it can make a serious influence. Everything that
goes on in the wider region reflects on Bosnia. Serious economic
consequences and the new wave of refugees are only a part of the scenario.
The most important political damage would be radicalisation, especially of
the Bosnian Serbs.
How long do you think SFOR will remain in the BiH area?
At least two years in the present composition, while some ten thousand
soldiers and less will be sufficient for new, different tasks of a
solidified peace. Then we will cope with new problems, different from the
present ones, such as social riots.
What about war criminals? Last year you were giving Karadzic a month before
he surrenders to the Hague.
I was a bad prophet and poorly informed. I counted with the fact that the RS
had got a new Government and a new Minister of Interior, who is supposed to
supervise the entire police force, and with the fact that Mr Karadzic did
not have the inflow of customs, taxes and, of course, smuggling any more.
True, he is less and less protected, but the things turned out as they did.
I do not even know where he is. Some criminals have been caught and I think
that he will also end up like that. However, I do not dare give prognoses
any more.
The issue of succession
Your Office is also in charge of the succession issues. The Mediator, Mr.
Watts, is doing a huge job, but without results.
It is a complex job above all. Because of his patience he is called Mr
Hard-working. The latest option that he has proposed is a good one because
it organises things in such a way that property, which is known and
regulated, is divided without too much theorising. It is a practical
approach, the countries have divided their international obligations, debts,
and it is now right to divide their property as well. In this domain the FR
Yugoslavia has always represented the major problem and obstruction, the
other successors achieved agreements. A solution which remains is also
arbitration and it is a good solution, but what if Yugoslavia objects, after
all that, that it has been damaged by the arbitration? As for the idea on
freezing the negotiations, it is to the benefit of Belgrade, which
supervises the bulk of the property, all except the gold in the Basel Bank.
You do a tough job. Have you ever asked yourself why on earth you need all
this?
I knew it would be difficult. I left an extremely comfortable place, a nice
flat and a family in New York and replaced them with all this. I knew what I
was going into, but sometimes one has to do difficult things too. Modern
life, when you are surrounded by comfort, is frustrating in itself. No, I do
not have any regrets. Quite the opposite.
How to make the Croats in BiH happy
How do you co-operate with the Croats?
Not very easily, but... I have met many Croats, most of them are not
difficult. The main problem are some Bosnian Croats, mostly from
Herzegovina, those who hold and draw the strings of power. They use messages
which say that Croats have no future in BiH, that they are a minority, not
only in Central Bosnia, that the IC does not like them and treats them
inadequately. This is about treatment. When you are a "difficult" person and
I am mild towards you, we do not solve anything. If I strike back by also
being difficult, then you explain it to people - you see how they treat us.
I have a million-dollar question and it is: How can one make the Croats in
BiH happy?
Croats are hard working, they have their culture, they can be influential in
BiH. Bosnia needs Croats because it will not bee the same without Croats, it
will not be Bosnia. Therefore, the only way for the development of the
country is to give people a chance to develop and to feel comfortable in
their country. This means that Croats in, for example, Sarajevo, find a
Catholic Church there, as well as schools and that they are equal to others.
This, unfortunately, does not always happen.
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